Non GamStop Casinos UK Guide - Highest Payout Casinos Not on GamStop
Non GamStop casinos are offshore-licensed gambling sites that sit outside the British self-exclusion scheme, so UK players are not blocked at registration. This guide ranks the publisher's selection on payout potential, wagering terms, withdrawal conditions and licensing, then explains the restrictions that decide what each headline offer is actually worth.
What this comparison of non gamstop casinos covers
Non GamStop casinos are online casinos licensed outside Great Britain that do not participate in GAMSTOP, the national self-exclusion scheme every UK Gambling Commission licensee must join. Because these gambling sites sit outside that system, a British self-exclusion does not block registration — and, just as importantly, the Gambling Commission's rules on bonuses, credit cards, stake limits and complaints do not apply either.
This page ranks ten operators supplied by the publisher and weighs them on payout-related criteria: how much of a bonus can realistically be turned into withdrawable cash, what the wagering multiple and cashout cap do to the headline figure, how quickly withdrawals are processed, and what each site requires of a UK account. The reviews run in the publisher's order, followed by the licensing, bonus, payment, withdrawal and game sections that let you judge the list for yourself.
Best casinos not on gamstop reviewed in rank order
Each review below leads with the payout question that matters for that brand, then sets out the offer with its conditions beside it, a short reference table and a balanced list of strengths and drawbacks. Ratings are the publisher's editorial scores. Where a site does not publish enough detail to judge something important, we say so rather than filling the gap.
1. Betmica — the largest headline package on the list
Betmica tops the list with the biggest advertised figure of any casino not on gamstop featured here: a 570% welcome offer up to £5,700 plus 270 free spins. The important detail for a payout-focused reader is that the offer is quoted in pounds, which points to sterling balances rather than conversion at every deposit — a meaningful saving for UK players who would otherwise lose two to three per cent on each transaction in currency conversion.
A 570% match is unusual even by offshore standards, and the arithmetic explains why it needs reading carefully. To reach the full £5,700 you would need to deposit roughly £1,000, and the package is typically split across several deposits rather than granted on the first. The realistic view is that most players will claim a fraction of the maximum, which is normal for tiered packages of this type and not a criticism specific to Betmica. What decides the value is the wagering multiple applied and whether it attaches to the bonus alone or to deposit plus bonus — a distinction covered in the bonus section below and worth confirming on the promotion page before you deposit.
The 270 free spins are the more accessible part of the offer for smaller deposits. Free spin winnings on offshore packages are usually credited as bonus funds with their own wagering, and often carry a separate cap on what the spins can pay out. Neither the exact spin value nor the cap is established by the headline offer alone, so treat the spin count as a rough indicator of volume rather than of value.
| Year Launched | 2023 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | 6,000+ |
| Payout Time | 1–24 hours |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | 40x bonus |
| Minimum Deposit | £20 |
| Top Game Providers | Pragmatic Play, Evolution, Play'n GO, NetEnt |
Pros
- Largest advertised maximum bonus value of any brand in this comparison
- Offer quoted in pounds sterling, indicating GBP account support for UK players
- Substantial free spin allocation alongside the cash match
- Broad slot-led library with mainstream studio coverage
Cons
- The full £5,700 requires a deposit far above what most players will make
- Tiered packages spread value across multiple deposits, delaying the benefit
- Cashout cap on bonus winnings is not established by the headline offer
- No UK Gambling Commission licence, so British statutory redress does not apply
2. Kikibet — high match percentage with a large spin package
Kikibet sits second with 350% up to £5,555 and 300 free spins. Compared with Betmica it trades a lower percentage for a similar ceiling and a slightly larger spin count, and again the pound-denominated figure suggests UK customers can hold a sterling balance rather than absorbing conversion costs.
The practical difference between a 350% and a 570% match is smaller than it appears. Both are structured so that the maximum is reachable only with a large qualifying deposit, and in both cases the deposit you actually make is what determines the bonus you receive. A £50 deposit at 350% yields £175 in bonus funds; the £5,555 figure is a ceiling, not an expectation. Where Kikibet is potentially the stronger proposition is in the 300 free spins, which is the highest spin count on this list and gives low-stakes players more sessions before any wagering obligation bites.
The limitation we would flag is one of evidence rather than of product. The supplied information does not establish Kikibet's game contribution table, its maximum stake while a bonus is active, or its per-transaction withdrawal limits — all three of which have more effect on real payouts than the percentage on the banner. Read them on the terms page before claiming.
| Year Launched | 2022 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | 5,000+ |
| Payout Time | 2–24 hours |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | 40x bonus |
| Minimum Deposit | £20 |
| Top Game Providers | Pragmatic Play, Booongo, Evolution, Habanero |
Pros
- Highest free spin count in this comparison at 300 spins
- Sterling-denominated offer, useful for avoiding conversion charges
- High match percentage available to modest deposits, proportionally
- Established operating period rather than a brand-new launch
Cons
- Maximum stake during bonus play is not disclosed in the supplied material
- Game contribution rates unconfirmed, which affects clearing speed
- Large advertised maximum is realistically out of reach for typical deposits
- Offshore licensing means complaints go to a non-UK authority
3. Betninja — a flat cash figure rather than a percentage ladder
Betninja takes a different approach that suits a particular kind of player: a £1,000 bonus and 100 free spins to all new players. There is no headline percentage competing for attention, and the figure is small enough to be plausible for an ordinary deposit rather than a ceiling that only high rollers touch.
For payout purposes this matters. A £1,000 maximum paired with a typical 40x wagering multiple produces a turnover requirement that is demanding but finite; the same multiple against a £10,000 ceiling produces a figure no recreational player will clear. If your aim is to actually convert a bonus rather than to admire its size, a lower cap with the same terms is usually the better deal. The 100 free spins are modest next to Kikibet's 300, but spin counts are only meaningful alongside spin value and any winnings cap, neither of which is established here.
The brand name signals a combined casino and sportsbook positioning, which several operators in this sector adopt. We cannot confirm from the supplied information whether a sportsbook is live for UK-registered accounts or whether a shared wallet applies, so check the lobby directly rather than assuming betting markets are included.
| Year Launched | 2021 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | 4,500+ |
| Payout Time | Up to 24 hours |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | 35x bonus |
| Minimum Deposit | £10 |
| Top Game Providers | Play'n GO, Pragmatic Play, Evolution, Nolimit City |
Pros
- Attainable bonus ceiling, making full conversion a realistic goal
- Offer stated in pounds and open to all new players rather than tiered
- Low entry point suits cautious first deposits
- Simple structure with fewer conditional stages to track
Cons
- Smallest free spin allocation among the top-rated brands here
- Sportsbook availability for UK accounts is not confirmed by supplied evidence
- Headline figure will look modest beside the percentage-led competition
- Outside the UK regulatory framework, with no GAMSTOP participation
4. WinnerIsland — a euro-denominated package UK players should price carefully
WinnerIsland offers a welcome bonus up to €1,000 plus 100 free spins, and the currency is the first thing a British reader should register. A euro-quoted offer suggests the account base currency may be euros, in which case a deposit from a UK debit card is converted at the card issuer's or the casino's rate, and a withdrawal is converted back. Two conversions on a round trip can cost several per cent before any gambling outcome is considered.
That does not make the site a poor choice, but it changes how you compare it. A €1,000 cap is broadly similar in size to Betninja's £1,000 but slightly lower in sterling terms at most exchange rates, and the conversion friction is an additional cost that pound-denominated rivals on this page avoid. Some offshore casinos allow a GBP account even when promotions are advertised in euros; if that is the case, the conversion issue largely disappears. The supplied material does not settle it, so confirm the available account currencies at registration — the choice is usually irreversible afterwards.
The structure otherwise resembles Betninja's: a moderate cash ceiling with 100 spins attached, which is a sensible shape for players who want a clearable bonus rather than a headline number.
| Year Launched | 2023 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | 3,500+ |
| Payout Time | 12–48 hours |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | 40x bonus |
| Minimum Deposit | €20 |
| Top Game Providers | NetEnt, Pragmatic Play, Red Tiger, Evolution |
Pros
- Moderate, realistically clearable bonus ceiling
- Free spins included alongside the cash match
- Recognisable studio line-up across slots and live tables
- Straightforward single welcome offer rather than a multi-stage ladder
Cons
- Euro pricing may impose currency conversion costs on UK deposits and withdrawals
- Whether a GBP account option exists is not established by supplied evidence
- Stated payout window is slower than the fastest brands in this comparison
- No UK licence, so no access to the Gambling Commission complaints route
5. Zombillion — a mid-tier percentage with a heavy spin allocation
Zombillion's welcome pack of 250% up to £4,000 plus 200 free spins lands between the extremes on this page. The percentage is lower than Betmica's or Kikibet's, the ceiling is lower too, and the spin allocation is the third largest here. Once again the offer is quoted in pounds, which is the single most useful signal for a UK reader scanning quickly.
A 250% match has a practical advantage that gets overlooked: with the same wagering multiple, a smaller bonus relative to your deposit means a smaller absolute turnover requirement. Deposit £100 at 250% and you receive £250 in bonus; at 40x bonus-only that is £10,000 of turnover. The same £100 at 570% gives £570 in bonus and £22,800 of turnover. Bigger is not automatically better once wagering is applied — a point that cuts against the instinctive reading of these banners and is worth keeping in mind across all the gambling sites not on gamstop listed here.
The word "pack" indicates the bonus is split across more than one deposit, so the £4,000 figure represents cumulative value rather than a first-deposit match. Each stage will have its own qualifying minimum and its own expiry window; missing one stage typically forfeits it rather than rolling it forward.
| Year Launched | 2022 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | 4,000+ |
| Payout Time | 1–24 hours |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | 35x bonus |
| Minimum Deposit | £20 |
| Top Game Providers | Pragmatic Play, Play'n GO, Betsoft, Evolution |
Pros
- Lower multiplier produces a smaller, more clearable turnover requirement
- 200 free spins is a generous allocation for the package size
- Sterling pricing avoids conversion friction for UK cards
- Multi-stage pack rewards continued play rather than a single deposit
Cons
- Full £4,000 only accrues across several qualifying deposits
- Individual stage expiry dates can cause forfeited value if missed
- Headline percentage is mid-table against rivals on this page
- Offshore regulation with no GAMSTOP integration
6. Smash Casino — a slots-specific package with the second-highest ceiling
Smash Casino is explicit about scope, which is unusually helpful: its 600% up to €10,000 slots welcome package is labelled for slots. That label matters because game contribution is where most bonus disputes begin. A package designated for slots generally means table games and live dealer play either contribute nothing towards wagering or are excluded outright while the bonus is active — so if you intend to play blackjack or roulette, this is not the offer for you.
The €10,000 ceiling is the joint largest here and is realistically relevant only to very large deposits; at 600%, reaching it would require roughly €1,667 across the qualifying stages. For everyone else, the useful question is what a typical deposit returns and what cap applies to winnings derived from bonus funds. The euro denomination again raises the conversion point for British players, and the supplied information does not confirm whether sterling accounts are offered.
For a slots-focused player who understands that the ceiling is aspirational, the structure is coherent: a high match on a defined game category, with the trade-off clearly signalled rather than buried.
| Year Launched | 2023 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | 5,500+ |
| Payout Time | Up to 24 hours |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | 45x bonus |
| Minimum Deposit | €20 |
| Top Game Providers | Pragmatic Play, Nolimit City, Push Gaming, Hacksaw |
Pros
- Scope of the package is stated upfront as slots, reducing ambiguity
- Very high match percentage for players committed to slot play
- Large slot library aligned with the bonus's intended use
- Joint-highest advertised ceiling in this comparison
Cons
- Table and live dealer players gain little or nothing from the welcome package
- Euro pricing introduces conversion considerations for UK customers
- Higher wagering multiple than several rivals listed here
- The €10,000 maximum is unreachable for ordinary deposit sizes
7. Nightluck — the most layered offer, and the hardest to price
Nightluck advertises €6,400 plus 280 free spins plus 805%, which is the most aggressive combination of figures on this page and also the least self-explanatory. An 805% cumulative match across a package implies several deposit stages with escalating or varying percentages, and the €6,400 total is the sum of those stages rather than a single match ceiling.
We would treat this one as requiring the most careful reading of any brand here. Multi-stage packages of this scale usually carry stage-specific minimum deposits, stage-specific wagering and independent expiry clocks; the headline is the sum of everything going right in sequence. That is not inherently unfair — it is a standard structure in the offshore market — but it makes like-for-like comparison with a flat offer such as Betninja's genuinely difficult, and the supplied evidence does not break the package into its component stages.
The 280 free spins are substantial and are likely also drip-fed across days or deposits. For a player who deposits regularly over a first fortnight and plays slots, the package could return real value; for a one-off depositor, most of the advertised figure is unreachable. The euro denomination again applies.
| Year Launched | 2024 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | 6,500+ |
| Payout Time | 1–24 hours |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | 40x bonus |
| Minimum Deposit | €20 |
| Top Game Providers | Pragmatic Play, Evolution, BGaming, Play'n GO |
Pros
- Largest cumulative match percentage among the operators compared here
- Very large free spin allocation spread across the package
- Extensive game library supporting varied bonus play
- Rewards sustained play rather than a single opening deposit
Cons
- Package composition is not broken down in supplied evidence, making valuation hard
- Multiple stages mean multiple expiry dates and forfeiture risk
- Shorter operating history than most brands on this page
- Euro pricing and unconfirmed GBP account availability
8. CoinPoker — the outlier, and a poker-led proposition
CoinPoker is the one brand here that is not a conventional slots casino. Its 150% up to $2,000 offer is the smallest headline on the page, and that is consistent with how poker bonuses work: poker bonuses are typically released incrementally as rake is generated rather than cleared through slot turnover, so the percentages are lower and the release mechanism is entirely different.
For readers whose interest is peer-to-peer poker rather than house-banked games, this is the relevant listing — and comparing its 150% against Nightluck's 805% is comparing two unlike products. The dollar denomination, combined with the brand's crypto orientation, means UK players should expect to fund the account with cryptocurrency and to think in dollar or token terms rather than sterling. That introduces a second variable beyond ordinary currency conversion: the value of the crypto holding itself can move between deposit and withdrawal, in either direction.
Because poker returns depend on the quality of the player pool rather than on published RTP, and because the supplied evidence does not describe traffic levels, tournament schedules or rake structure, we cannot assess the playing experience. That is a genuine gap in the evidence rather than a judgement on the product.
| Year Launched | 2017 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | Poker plus selected casino titles |
| Payout Time | Within 1 hour |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | Released progressively through rake |
| Minimum Deposit | $20 equivalent |
| Top Game Providers | Proprietary poker client |
Pros
- Distinct poker focus rather than another slots lobby
- Incremental bonus release avoids the large turnover demands of slot wagering
- Crypto-native payments support rapid settlement once approved
- Longest operating history of the brands featured on this page
Cons
- Smallest headline bonus, and not comparable to casino welcome packages
- Crypto funding exposes balances to price movement as well as conversion
- Player pool size, rake and tournament schedule are not established here
- Limited appeal for players who mainly want slots or live dealer tables
9. Rivo — the only listed brand pairing a match with ongoing cashback
Rivo's slots welcome package of 1000% up to €10,000 plus 25% cashback is the only offer on this page that combines an upfront match with a cashback element, and the cashback is arguably the more interesting half. Cashback returns a percentage of net losses over a defined period and, depending on the terms, may be paid as real money with no wagering or as a bonus with wagering attached. Those two versions are worth very different amounts — real-money cashback is immediately withdrawable, bonus cashback is not — and the distinction is the first thing to check on the promotions page.
The 1000% match is the highest percentage figure in this comparison and, as with Smash Casino, it is labelled for slots. The same caution applies at scale: with a high multiplier and a high wagering requirement, the turnover obligation grows in step with the bonus, so a very large match is not automatically favourable. The €10,000 ceiling again assumes deposits far beyond the typical.
Where Rivo may suit a long-term player better than a one-off bonus hunter is precisely in the cashback: a recurring 25% return on losses has a steadier effect on bankroll than a single match that must be cleared. Whether the cashback applies weekly, monthly, to all games or only to slots is not established by the supplied information.
| Year Launched | 2023 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | 7,000+ |
| Payout Time | 1–24 hours |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | 45x bonus |
| Minimum Deposit | €20 |
| Top Game Providers | Pragmatic Play, Hacksaw, Relax Gaming, Evolution |
Pros
- Cashback component gives recurring value beyond the one-off welcome match
- Highest advertised match percentage in this comparison
- Very large game library, the biggest figure listed on this page
- Clear slots labelling on the welcome package
Cons
- Whether cashback is real money or bonus funds is not confirmed
- Extremely high match means an extremely high turnover requirement
- Euro pricing, with GBP account availability unconfirmed
- Table and live dealer play largely excluded from the welcome package
10. Daytonaspin — a balanced package at the foot of the list
Daytonaspin closes the ranking with 255% up to £4,500 plus 255 free spins, a package that is notable mainly for being proportionate. The percentage is modest by the standards of this page, the ceiling is mid-range, the spin count is healthy, and the offer is priced in pounds.
Read against the arithmetic set out earlier, that combination is more player-friendly than its position suggests. A 255% match on a £100 deposit gives £255 in bonus funds, which at a 40x bonus-only requirement means £10,200 of turnover — demanding, but on the same order as the mid-table offers rather than the four-figure-deposit packages above it. The 255 free spins give a meaningful number of low-commitment sessions alongside it.
Being ranked tenth in the publisher's list does not mean the terms are worse; the ranking is editorial and we have not been supplied with the reasoning behind the ordering. On the payout criteria this page uses — sterling pricing, a moderate multiplier, a realistic ceiling — Daytonaspin compares reasonably with brands placed above it. What we cannot assess from the supplied evidence is its withdrawal limit structure, which is the variable most likely to separate it from the leaders in practice.
| Year Launched | 2022 |
|---|---|
| Amount of Games | 4,200+ |
| Payout Time | 12–24 hours |
| Bonus Wagering Requirement | 40x bonus |
| Minimum Deposit | £20 |
| Top Game Providers | Pragmatic Play, Play'n GO, Yggdrasil, Evolution |
Pros
- Proportionate match and ceiling, keeping turnover requirements manageable
- Sterling pricing suited to UK debit card deposits
- 255 free spins alongside the cash match
- Established rather than newly launched brand
Cons
- Withdrawal limits are not established in the supplied evidence
- Headline figures look small beside the percentage-led packages above it
- Placed last in the supplied ranking without stated reasoning
- No UK licence and no participation in the national self-exclusion scheme
What casinos not on gamstop actually are
GAMSTOP is the free national self-exclusion service for Great Britain. Every operator holding a UK Gambling Commission remote licence must integrate with it, so when you register with GAMSTOP your details are checked against the accounts you hold and any new accounts you attempt to open at licensed uk online casinos. You choose a minimum period of six months, one year or five years, and the registration covers online gambling with British-licensed operators — it does not cover betting shops, casinos on the high street, or overseas websites.
A non gamstop casino is simply an online casino that is not part of that scheme, which in practice means it does not hold a UKGC licence. These sites are licensed elsewhere — Curaçao, Anjouan, Malta, Panama and several other jurisdictions appear regularly — and their systems never query the GAMSTOP database, so a British self-exclusion is invisible to them at registration.
It helps to separate three labels that are often blurred together. Non-GamStop describes only non-participation in that one scheme. Offshore describes where the operator is licensed and established. No-KYC is a marketing claim about identity checks, and it is the least reliable of the three: most sites that use it still verify identity at withdrawal, above a cumulative threshold, or when anti-money-laundering obligations or payment partners demand it.
What the non-GamStop label does establish is narrow but real: registration will not be blocked by a British exclusion, UKGC bonus and stake rules do not apply, and the Gambling Commission's credit card ban does not bind the operator. What it does not establish is anything about fairness, payout speed, financial stability or complaint handling. Those vary enormously between operators and must be judged site by site. Crucially, a casino accepting British customers is not the same as a casino being authorised to serve them — accessibility from a UK connection, a sterling price on a banner or a British-English website tells you nothing about authorisation.
How non gamstop casinos differ from UKGC-licensed casino sites
The differences are systematic rather than incidental, and they run in both directions. Below is a comparison of the regulatory categories on the dimensions that affect a player's experience and money.
| Area | UKGC-licensed uk casinos | Casinos not on gamstop |
|---|---|---|
| Self-exclusion | Mandatory GAMSTOP integration covering all licensees | Operator-level tools only; no cross-market scheme |
| Complaints | Gambling Commission oversight plus mandatory ADR provider | Licensing authority in the issuing jurisdiction; ADR varies |
| Bonus rules | Restricted; terms must be transparent and not unduly onerous | Larger matches permitted, with higher wagering common |
| Credit cards | Prohibited for gambling deposits | Sometimes accepted, subject to issuer blocks |
| Slot stake limits | Capped, with spin-speed and feature restrictions | Generally uncapped, with faster play mechanics allowed |
| Affordability checks | Required under licence conditions | Applied at the operator's discretion |
| Identity verification | Required before deposit or play | Often deferred to first withdrawal |
| Payment options | Debit cards, bank transfer, some e-wallets; PayPal common | Cards, crypto, prepaid vouchers; PayPal generally unavailable |
| Account currency | Sterling standard | Sterling sometimes; euros and dollars common |
The practical benefits of the non-GamStop category are real for some players: larger welcome packages, fewer stake restrictions, a wider spread of software studios including titles that never pass UK compliance, faster onboarding, and cryptocurrency options that British-licensed sites do not offer. Games not on gamstop can include mechanics — bonus buys, for example — that UKGC rules restrict or prohibit.
The limitations are equally real. Without the Commission behind you, an unresolved dispute goes to a foreign regulator whose responsiveness varies from adequate to negligible. There is no statutory requirement to ring-fence customer funds in the way UK licence conditions address. Higher wagering requirements are the routine trade-off for larger bonuses. Deferred verification means the identity check arrives at the moment you most want your money, not at the moment you have time to deal with it.
None of this supports a blanket claim in either direction. Some offshore operators run clear terms, publish their withdrawal limits and pay promptly; others do not. The category tells you which protections are absent; only the individual operator's terms and record tell you what to expect.
How we reviewed these casino sites
Our assessment is based on published information — operator terms and conditions, promotion pages, cashier and licensing details, and the offer data supplied by the publisher. We have not conducted account registrations, deposits, withdrawal tests or support conversations for this page, and we do not present any figure here as a measured result. Where a number is stated in the reference tables it is reference information for orientation, not a verified performance claim, and where evidence is missing we say so in the relevant review.
Ownership and corporate transparency
The first check is who actually operates the site. Terms pages should name a legal entity, a company registration number and a registered address. A brand with no named operator, or one whose stated entity does not match the licence register, is harder to hold to account if something goes wrong. Group ownership matters too: several casino brands frequently run on one platform under one licence, which affects whether an account closure or exclusion at one brand carries across the others.
Licence verification against the exact domain
A licence seal in a footer is not verification. The check that counts is looking up the licence reference on the issuing authority's own register and confirming that the specific domain you are on is listed, that the named entity matches, and that the licence is current. Licences are issued to entities for specified domains; a valid licence held by a related company for a different site does not cover the one taking your deposit.
Terms that can be read before depositing
We favour operators that publish wagering multiples, game contribution tables, maximum bonus stakes, bonus expiry dates, cashout caps and withdrawal limits in one accessible place rather than scattering them across promotion pages. Terms that change without a version date, or bonus rules that exist only in a support chat answer, are a meaningful negative.
Complaint patterns and support
Recurring, specific complaints about the same behaviour — payouts stalled behind repeated document requests, bonus terms applied retroactively, accounts closed after a win — carry more weight than isolated grievances. On support, we look for the channels offered, whether live chat is staffed around the clock, whether email responses are substantive and whether a formal complaints procedure with escalation timescales is published.
Account controls
Even outside GAMSTOP, a serious operator offers deposit limits, loss limits, session reminders, cooling-off and self-exclusion. We note whether these can be set by the player directly or only by contacting support, and whether limit increases are subject to a delay.
Judging new casinos not on gamstop
A distinction worth drawing: a new non gamstop casino is not the same thing as a new online casino company. Many launches are additional brands from operators that have run platforms for years, sharing infrastructure, payment processing and support teams with established sites. Those carry the parent's track record, for better or worse. A genuinely new company — new entity, new licence, no group history — has no payout record at all, which is not proof of a problem but is an absence of evidence.
When assessing new casinos not on gamstop, the specific red flags are: a licence reference that does not resolve on the issuer's register; terms copied verbatim from another brand, including mismatched company names; a cashout cap that is disproportionately low relative to the advertised bonus; withdrawal limits so tight that a substantial win would take months to release; no named legal entity; support that cannot answer a direct question about wagering contribution; and promotions whose stated conditions differ between the banner and the terms page. Any one of these justifies caution; two or more justify looking elsewhere.
Common licences behind gambling sites not on gamstop
Authorisation for online gambling is granted by a jurisdiction to a specific legal entity for specific activities and, usually, specific domains. That is why two checks matter more than any logo: does the named entity in the terms match the entity on the register, and is the exact domain covered? Below are the jurisdictions you will encounter most often, with a plain account of what each offers a British player.
Curaçao
Curaçao is the most common home for Curaçao casinos not on gamstop. Historically it operated through master licences that issued sub-licences to operators, which made verification awkward and accountability diffuse. Reform has moved the regime towards direct licensing by the Curaçao Gaming Authority, with applicants assessed individually and licences published on a register. The practical effect for players is better verifiability than before. The complaints route runs through the authority, and while it will consider player disputes, outcomes are less predictable and slower than the UK system. Requirements around player fund segregation and dispute resolution remain lighter than the Gambling Commission's.
Panama
Panama has licensed online gambling for many years through its Gaming Control Board. Licences cover remote operations and require a local presence, but the regime is oriented towards operator compliance and taxation rather than active consumer redress. A Panamanian licence indicates a jurisdiction with an established framework; it does not offer a British player a practical, responsive complaints channel comparable to the UKGC's.
Malta
The Malta Gaming Authority is the most demanding of the jurisdictions on this list. It requires audited financials, segregation of player funds, technical certification of games and systems, documented responsible gambling policies and a player support unit that accepts complaints directly. An MGA licence is a meaningful marker of scrutiny. It is not, however, a UK licence: MGA-licensed sites serving British customers without UKGC authorisation still sit outside the Gambling Commission's remit, and MGA-licensed operators do not participate in GAMSTOP.
Estonia
Estonia licenses remote gambling through its Tax and Customs Board, with a framework aligned to EU standards covering technical compliance, anti-money-laundering obligations and responsible gambling measures. It is a smaller jurisdiction with a modest number of licensees and is more often seen behind operators serving European markets than behind those targeting Great Britain specifically.
Anjouan
Anjouan, part of the Comoros, has become a common licensing base for newer offshore brands, particularly since the Curaçao transition. Licences are relatively quick and inexpensive to obtain, which is why they appear frequently among recent launches. The regulatory framework is comparatively light, and the dispute resolution route is limited in practice. An Anjouan licence establishes that some authorisation exists; it says little about the operator's financial standing or complaint handling, so the operator-level checks described above matter more here than anywhere else.
Tobique
The Tobique First Nation in New Brunswick issues gaming licences through its own gaming commission, a model based on indigenous sovereignty comparable to Kahnawake's. It is a newer entrant and appears on a growing number of casino sites. As with Anjouan, the licence demonstrates a form of oversight but should not be read as equivalent in depth to Malta's, and players should not assume an accessible external complaints process without checking what the commission publishes.
Kahnawake
The Kahnawake Gaming Commission, based in Quebec, is one of the longest-established online gambling regulators, active since the late 1990s. It maintains a public licensee register, publishes regulations and operates a documented complaints procedure for players, which is more than several younger jurisdictions provide. Its standards sit between the lighter regimes and the MGA.
Across all of them the consumer position is the same in one respect: complaints go first to the operator, then to the licensing authority or any alternative dispute resolution body the operator names. The UK Gambling Commission will not adjudicate a dispute with a site it does not license, and the UK Financial Ombudsman does not cover gambling losses. Record everything in writing, keep screenshots of the terms as they appeared when you claimed a bonus, and escalate promptly.
Casino bonuses at non gamstop casinos UK players can claim
Offshore bonuses are larger than anything UKGC-licensed casinos offer, and the conditions attached are correspondingly heavier. The figure that decides value is almost never the percentage; it is the wagering multiple, what that multiple is applied to, and the cap on what can be withdrawn.
Welcome packages and deposit bonuses
A welcome bonus matches a percentage of your deposit up to a ceiling. A package spreads that across two, three or four deposits, as most of the larger offers on this page do. The first thing to identify is whether wagering is applied to the bonus only or to deposit plus bonus — the difference is substantial.
Worked example, using assumed terms for illustration only and not any operator's published figures. Deposit £100 and receive a 250% match of £250, with 40x wagering:
- Bonus only: £250 × 40 = £10,000 of qualifying turnover
- Deposit plus bonus: (£100 + £250) × 40 = £14,000 of qualifying turnover
At £1 a spin on slots contributing 100%, that is 10,000 or 14,000 spins respectively. Turnover is not loss: money cycles through as you win and lose. But with a typical slot RTP around 96%, expected loss over £10,000 of turnover is roughly £400 — far more than the £100 deposited. That is the honest picture of what clearing a large bonus involves, and it applies across every casino on this page.
Also check how deposited money is treated. Some operators lock the deposit alongside the bonus until wagering completes; others let you withdraw unspent deposit funds, forfeiting the bonus. The second is considerably better for you.
Free spins
Free spins are credited at a fixed value per spin, often 10p or 20p, and the spin value is what determines their worth — 200 spins at 10p is £20 of play, not a meaningful fraction of a four-figure bonus. Winnings from spins almost always convert to bonus funds with their own wagering, and frequently carry a separate maximum conversion, such as £100. Spins are usually restricted to named slots and drip-fed over several days, expiring daily if unused. The free spins attached to the packages here — 270 at Betmica, 300 at Kikibet, 280 at Nightluck, 255 at Daytonaspin, 200 at Zombillion, 100 each at Betninja and WinnerIsland — should be read with those mechanics in mind, since the supplied offers do not state spin values or conversion caps.
No-deposit bonuses
A no-deposit bonus gives a small credit or spin allocation for registering, with no payment required. They are the most heavily conditioned offers in the market: wagering multiples are often higher, maximum conversion is usually capped tightly at something like £50, verification is normally required before any withdrawal, and eligibility is one per person, household, IP address and payment method. None of the operators listed on this page has a no-deposit offer in its supplied headline; where you find one elsewhere, treat it as a free trial of the software rather than a route to a payout.
Cashback
Cashback returns a percentage of net losses over a set period. Rivo's slots package includes a 25% cashback element, the only such component among the supplied offers. Two questions decide its value: is it paid as real money or bonus funds, and is it calculated on net losses across all games or only on a defined category? Real-money cashback with no wagering is genuinely valuable because it is withdrawable immediately. Bonus cashback with a 40x requirement is worth a fraction of its face value. The supplied information does not settle which applies at Rivo.
Loyalty rewards and VIP schemes
Most offshore casinos run points-based loyalty programmes where wagering accrues points exchangeable for bonus credit, spins or occasionally cash, with tiers unlocking reload bonuses, faster withdrawal processing and higher withdrawal limits. The last of those is the one worth attention on a payout-focused page: where withdrawal limits are tiered by VIP level, a standard account may face materially tighter monthly caps than the site's marketing implies. Ask support what the base-tier limit is before assuming the headline figure applies to you.
The conditions that quietly decide value
- Game contribution: slots typically 100%; roulette, blackjack and baccarat often 10%, 5% or 0%. Playing an excluded game with an active bonus can void it entirely.
- Maximum bonus stake: commonly £5 per spin or hand. Exceeding it, even once, is a frequent reason for confiscated winnings.
- Bonus expiry: typically 7 to 30 days from credit. Unmet wagering at expiry forfeits the bonus and anything won from it.
- Cashout cap: a ceiling on withdrawable bonus winnings, often expressed as a multiple of the deposit. This single term can make a headline figure largely theoretical.
- Bonus abuse clauses: broadly drafted rules covering low-risk betting patterns and multiple accounts, applied at the operator's discretion.
Payment methods at uk casinos not on gamstop
Deposit availability and withdrawal availability are different things, and the gap between them causes more frustration than any other payments issue. A method can fund an account and be unusable for cashing out — prepaid vouchers are the standard example. Most operators also enforce a closed-loop rule requiring withdrawals to return to the deposit method where possible, so your first deposit effectively chooses your payout route.
The table below covers methods commonly offered across this sector. It is general guidance, not confirmation that any specific operator on this page supports a given method — always check the cashier before depositing.
| Method | Deposit | Withdrawal | Typical settlement | UK notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visa debit | Yes | Often | 1–5 working days | Issuer may decline gambling merchant codes |
| Mastercard debit | Yes | Often | 1–5 working days | Same issuer-block risk as Visa |
| Credit cards | Sometimes | Rarely | Varies | Banned at UK-licensed sites; treated as cash advance |
| Bank transfer | Yes | Yes | 1–5 working days | Reliable for larger sums; may carry fees |
| Skrill | Common | Common | Minutes to 24 hours | Bonus exclusion clauses are frequent |
| Neteller | Common | Common | Minutes to 24 hours | Conversion fees if wallet is not GBP |
| PayPal | Rare | Rare | Minutes | Generally unavailable at offshore gambling sites |
| Paysafecard | Yes | No | Instant deposit | Alternative payout route required |
| Apple Pay / Google Pay | Sometimes | No | Instant deposit | Wraps an underlying card; same block risk |
| Bitcoin and other crypto | Yes | Yes | Minutes to hours | Price volatility plus network fees |
Debit card payments
Visa and Mastercard debit remain the default for British players. Deposits are instant; withdrawals follow the card scheme's refund rails and usually take one to five working days after the casino approves them. The practical obstacle is that some UK banks decline transactions to offshore gambling merchants outright, and a decline is a bank decision the casino cannot override. If your card is refused, that is the reason more often than any fault at the casino.
Bank transfers
Direct transfers suit larger amounts and generally carry the highest transaction limits. They are slower at both ends and may attract intermediary or receiving-bank fees, particularly for international payments. For a substantial withdrawal that exceeds e-wallet limits, this is often the only route available.
E-wallets
Skrill and Neteller are the workhorses of offshore gambling payments, valued for speed in both directions and for sitting between the casino and your bank account. Two caveats: many operators exclude e-wallet deposits from welcome bonus eligibility, and if your wallet is not held in sterling you will pay conversion on the way in and again on the way out.
PayPal availability
PayPal restricts gambling merchants to those holding authorisation in the customer's jurisdiction, which in practice excludes almost all non-GamStop operators from offering it to British players. If you see PayPal advertised on an offshore casino aimed at the UK, verify it on the cashier page before relying on it — it is frequently listed in error or refers to a different market.
Prepaid vouchers
Paysafecard is bought as a voucher with a PIN and funds an account without exposing bank details, which is why paysafe casinos not on gamstop appeal to privacy-conscious players. The limitation is fundamental: vouchers are one-way. You cannot withdraw to a Paysafecard, so you must nominate a bank transfer, card or e-wallet for payouts, and the closed-loop rule may complicate that. Voucher denominations also cap deposit size.
Cryptocurrency payments
Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin and stablecoins such as USDT are widely accepted offshore and are usually the fastest settlement route once a withdrawal is approved. CoinPoker is the most crypto-oriented brand on this page. The risks are specific: a volatile coin can lose value between withdrawal and conversion to sterling; network fees fluctuate; and transactions sent to a wrong address are irreversible. Stablecoins mitigate the volatility but not the other two.
Fees, conversion and what a GBP account really means
Most operators do not charge a deposit fee, but withdrawal fees appear more often than players expect — a flat charge per transaction, or free withdrawals limited to one per week with subsequent ones charged. Check the banking page for a fee schedule before assuming payouts are free.
Currency conversion is the cost that hides in plain sight. A genuine GBP account holds your balance in pounds, so a debit card deposit involves no conversion and a withdrawal returns pounds. If the account's base currency is euros or dollars — as the euro- and dollar-denominated offers on this page suggest may be the case at WinnerIsland, Smash Casino, Nightluck, CoinPoker and Rivo — then a sterling deposit is converted on the way in and the balance converted back on the way out, typically at a rate a few per cent adrift of the interbank rate on each leg. Displaying prices in pounds is not the same as holding funds in pounds; check the currency selector at registration, because base currency usually cannot be changed afterwards.
Withdrawals, verification and the limits that shape real payouts
Two clocks run on every withdrawal, and conflating them is why "instant payout" claims disappoint. The first is casino approval: the operator reviews the request, checks bonus wagering, confirms verification status and releases the payment. The second is payment settlement: the network moves the money. A crypto payout may settle in minutes but sit unapproved for a day; a card payout approved in an hour may still take four working days to appear.
Several factors extend the first clock. Pending periods — a window of typically 12 to 48 hours during which a request can be reversed back into your balance — are common, and reversing a withdrawal to keep playing is the single most avoidable cause of a payout never happening. Weekend and holiday processing often pauses. Manual review applies to first withdrawals and large amounts.
Identity verification and source-of-funds checks
Being outside GAMSTOP does not mean being outside anti-money-laundering obligations. Expect to supply photographic identification, a proof of address dated within the last three months, and evidence of payment method ownership. Larger or unusual withdrawals may additionally trigger source-of-funds checks requiring payslips, bank statements or similar documentation.
The sensible approach is to complete verification immediately after registering rather than waiting for a win. Documents submitted at leisure are processed routinely; the same documents submitted alongside a five-figure withdrawal request during a manual review are a bottleneck. Ensure the name on your account matches the name on your payment method exactly, since mismatches are a routine cause of rejected withdrawals.
Withdrawal limits
Limits are the most underestimated constraint on this page's central question. Offshore casinos commonly impose daily, weekly and monthly caps — figures such as £5,000 per week are typical, though they vary widely and are often tiered by VIP level. A £50,000 progressive jackpot win against a £5,000 monthly cap takes the better part of a year to release, and some operators apply a further cap on jackpot payouts. The supplied evidence does not establish the withdrawal limit structure at any operator on this page, which is a genuine gap: it is the first thing to look up in the banking terms before depositing anywhere.
Bonus-related withdrawal restrictions
You generally cannot withdraw while a bonus is active without forfeiting it and any winnings from it. Cashout caps then limit what bonus winnings can become. Breaching a maximum bonus stake, even inadvertently on a single spin, is a frequent basis for voiding winnings. And a withdrawal request during an active bonus may be refused outright rather than simply forfeiting the bonus — check which rule applies.
Escalating a dispute
- Contact support in writing with dates, amounts, transaction references and the specific term at issue. Chat transcripts are easily lost, so follow up by email.
- Request formal escalation under the operator's published complaints procedure and ask for the expected response time.
- If unresolved, complain to the licensing authority named in the terms, or to any alternative dispute resolution body the operator lists, supplying your full evidence file.
- Recognise the limits: the UK Gambling Commission cannot adjudicate disputes with sites it does not license, and no route guarantees recovery of funds.
Games not on gamstop: slots, tables and live dealer
The libraries at these casino sites are broadly similar in shape to those at UK-licensed operators, with three differences that matter: UK-specific stake and speed restrictions do not apply, some studios unavailable in Great Britain appear, and mechanics such as bonus buys are often permitted.
Slots not on gamstop
Slots dominate every lobby here, and the reference tables above put library sizes in the thousands. Treat game counts sceptically: a catalogue of 7,000 titles usually includes hundreds of near-identical variants, and volume says nothing about whether the specific games you enjoy are present.
The titles you will encounter most often across the sector include Book of Dead, Starburst, Gonzo's Quest, Sweet Bonanza, Gates of Olympus, Big Bass Bonanza, Bonanza Megaways, Dead or Alive 2, Money Train and Fire Joker. Their presence at any particular operator depends on that operator's provider contracts, which the supplied evidence does not establish site by site.
Two mechanics deserve explanation. Return to player (RTP) is the theoretical long-run return — 96% means £96 returned per £100 staked across millions of spins, with wide short-term variance. Critically, many slots ship in multiple RTP configurations, and the operator chooses which to deploy: the same title can run at 96.5% at one casino and 94% at another. Check the in-game information panel rather than assuming the headline figure. Volatility describes the shape of returns: low-volatility slots pay small amounts frequently, high-volatility slots pay rarely but larger. Two games with identical RTP can behave completely differently, and volatility, not RTP, determines how long a given bankroll lasts.
Progressive jackpots pool a slice of every stake into a prize that grows until won. They are the only slots where a life-changing sum is possible, and also where withdrawal limits bite hardest — read the jackpot payout terms alongside the banking terms, because a capped monthly withdrawal turns a large jackpot into an instalment plan.
Provider authenticity matters more offshore. A minority of sites run cloned or white-label versions of well-known games that are not the studio's certified release. Legitimate games display the provider's branding, a working information panel with paytable and RTP, and a game identifier. A title that looks like a famous slot but lacks these is a warning sign.
Live dealer and table games
Live dealer studios stream real tables with real croupiers and are the closest online equivalent to a venue floor. Blackjack is the sharpest game for a knowledgeable player: house edge falls below 1% with correct basic strategy, but depends heavily on the rules of the specific table — whether the dealer stands on soft 17, whether doubling after splitting is allowed, and how many decks are in the shoe. Check the table rules before sitting down; two tables in the same lobby can differ materially.
Roulette is simpler and the variant choice is decisive. European roulette has one zero and a house edge of 2.7%; American roulette adds a double zero, pushing the edge to 5.26%. French roulette with La Partage halves the edge on even-money bets to around 1.35%. Playing the American wheel when a European one is available doubles the cost of the same session for no benefit.
Baccarat offers the lowest house edge of the mainstream table games: roughly 1.06% on banker, 1.24% on player, with commission usually taken on winning banker bets. The tie bet carries an edge above 14% and is best avoided. Beyond these, expect casino hold'em, three card poker, craps, sic bo and game-show formats such as wheel-based live titles.
Two practical points. First, live tables typically contribute 0% or 10% towards bonus wagering, so the slots-labelled packages from Smash Casino and Rivo are of little use at a live table. Second, live studios are subject to geographic licensing, so a table visible in one market may be unavailable from a UK connection — check what actually loads rather than what the lobby advertises.
Mobile play
Most modern casinos run in a mobile browser without a download, with slots rebuilt for portrait play. Live dealer streams are the most demanding element and the most likely to suffer on a weak connection. We have not tested device compatibility for any operator here, so treat mobile performance as unverified and try a few spins at minimum stake before committing to a session.
Casino software providers behind these games
The studios supplying a casino tell you more than the catalogue size does, because established providers are independently tested and their games behave consistently wherever they appear.
Pragmatic Play is the most widely distributed studio in the offshore market and appears in the reference tables for most operators on this page. Its output spans high-volatility slots such as Gates of Olympus and Sweet Bonanza, live dealer tables and game shows, with frequent releases and multiple RTP configurations that operators select from — a reason to check the in-game figure.
Novomatic, through its Greentube division, supplies the Book of Ra and Sizzling Hot families familiar from European land-based venues. The style is deliberately traditional: simple mechanics, classic symbols, strong appeal to players who grew up with physical machines.
Evolution dominates live dealer and effectively defines the category. Its studios run blackjack, roulette, baccarat and game shows including Crazy Time and Lightning Roulette. Where a casino lists Evolution, the live section is likely to be the strongest part of the lobby. Evolution also owns NetEnt and Red Tiger.
Playtech is one of the oldest suppliers, offering slots, live tables, poker and a branded portfolio built on film and comic licences, alongside its own progressive jackpot network.
NetEnt produced several of the most recognisable slots ever released, including Starburst and Gonzo's Quest, and the Mega Fortune progressive network responsible for some of the largest recorded online jackpot payouts.
Play'n GO is best known for Book of Dead and maintains a steady release schedule of mid-to-high-volatility slots with clean mechanics and mobile-first design.
Big Time Gaming invented Megaways, the variable-reel mechanic now licensed across the industry and behind Bonanza Megaways among many others. Megaways titles are characteristically high-volatility.
Microgaming, now operating as Games Global, ran the Mega Moolah progressive network that produced several record jackpot wins and distributes a very large aggregated portfolio.
One caveat: a provider logo in a footer does not prove the games are the certified originals, and it does not prove the full portfolio is available to UK-registered accounts. Check that individual titles load and display proper information panels.
Sports betting at betting sites not on gamstop
Some, not all, of the operators on this page combine a casino with a sportsbook. Betninja's branding suggests a betting component, and several others use casino-and-sportsbook positioning, but the supplied evidence does not confirm sportsbook availability for UK-registered accounts at any specific brand listed here. CoinPoker is a poker-led platform rather than a sportsbook. Verify in the lobby before assuming markets are available to you.
Where a combined platform exists, a shared wallet is usual — one balance funding both casino and sports — but not universal, and some operators run separate bonus balances even on a shared cash balance. That matters because a casino bonus cannot normally be wagered on sport, and a sports free bet cannot normally be used on slots.
Typical sportsbook coverage in this sector spans football, horse racing, tennis, cricket, rugby, darts, snooker, boxing and American sports, plus esports betting on Counter-Strike, Dota 2, League of Legends and Valorant. Esports markets are usually thinner than football markets and are more prone to suspension around schedule changes.
Pre-match betting opens days ahead with the fullest range of markets. In-play betting runs during the event with prices moving continuously; expect a few seconds' delay on acceptance, and expect bets to be voided if the price moves. Accumulators combine selections so odds multiply — four selections at 2.00 produce combined odds of 16.00 — with every leg needing to win. Bet builders combine markets within one match, such as a result plus a goalscorer plus a card count, with correlation priced in. Cash-out lets you settle early for a value below the potential return, a convenience that carries a built-in margin and is commonly suspended during live play.
Sports free bets differ from casino bonuses in structure. A free bet places a stake you do not fund, and the crucial detail is that the stake is usually not returned with the winnings: a £20 free bet at odds of 3.00 returns £40 profit, not £60. Free bets carry minimum qualifying odds, commonly 1.50 or 2.00, which prevent clearing them on near-certainties, and they typically expire within 7 to 30 days. Qualifying bet requirements and excluded markets — cashed-out bets and certain each-way selections are often ineligible — apply as well. Read the free bet terms separately from the casino bonus terms; they are rarely the same document.
Self-exclusion and account controls at a casino not on gamstop
If you are currently self-excluded through GAMSTOP, the honest position is that offshore sites exist outside that protection and playing at them undermines the decision you made. This page does not present them as a route around an exclusion, and we would not encourage anyone to use them for that purpose.
Where controls do exist offshore, they operate at operator level. Most sites offer deposit limits set daily, weekly or monthly; loss limits capping net losses over a period; session reminders; short cooling-off periods of 24 hours to several weeks; and account self-exclusion for a defined term or permanently. Two questions determine how much protection that actually provides: can you set limits yourself, and how quickly does an increase take effect? A limit that rises immediately on request is worth much less than one with a mandatory 24-hour or seven-day delay.
Scope is the other issue. An exclusion generally covers that operator and may extend to sister brands sharing the same platform or licence, but confirm this explicitly rather than assuming it — group structures are rarely transparent. Where a casino and sportsbook share an account, check whether an exclusion covers both products or only the one you requested.
Independent support available in the UK, free and confidential:
- GamCare — the National Gambling Helpline on 0808 8020 133, staffed 24 hours a day, with live chat and structured treatment
- GAMSTOP — free self-exclusion covering all UK Gambling Commission licensed sites, for six months, one year or five years
- Gamblers Anonymous — peer support meetings across the UK and online
- NHS gambling clinics — specialist treatment via GP or self-referral
- Gambling blocking software — Gamban, BetBlocker and similar tools block gambling sites at device level, including offshore ones, and reach further than any single operator's exclusion
Blocking software combined with a bank-level gambling transaction block from your card provider is the most effective self-applied combination, because it does not rely on any individual casino honouring a request. Our responsible gambling page sets out these tools in more detail.
Choosing between these non gamstop casinos
On the evidence here, the useful distinctions are narrow but decisive. Currency separates the list: Betmica, Kikibet, Betninja, Zombillion and Daytonaspin quote in pounds, which points to sterling accounts and avoids conversion costs; WinnerIsland, Smash Casino, Nightluck and Rivo quote in euros and CoinPoker in dollars. Structure separates it again: Betninja's flat £1,000 is the most attainable ceiling, Rivo alone adds recurring cashback, Smash Casino and Rivo restrict their packages to slots, and CoinPoker is a poker platform that does not compare like-for-like with the rest.
The gaps are worth naming. Withdrawal limits, cashout caps, game contribution tables and confirmed GBP account availability are not established by the supplied evidence for any brand here, and those four terms have more effect on what you actually withdraw than any headline percentage. Check them on each operator's own banking and bonus pages before depositing, and read our terms and conditions and about page for how this site works. Set a deposit limit at registration, complete verification early, and treat every figure on this page as a starting point for your own checks rather than a conclusion.
]]>